Vocabulary
The vocabulary of Ladino is full of Jewish
words referring to the Judaic religion and specific features of the Jewish
life. After the exodus from Spain Ladino adopted a lot of foreign words
and phrases. Among them are words that are found in the other languages
of the Iberian peninsula, but are not used in Spanish. Many borrowings
came from Turkish, Persian, the Balkan languages, and in the 19th century
from Italian and especially French (there was a specific mixed slang --
judeo-franyol).
-
abásho (OSp. abaxo
from Lat. ad+bassus) prep below.
abashár abásho to
go down .
los de abásho the
departed, the dead.
tódo sta de arríva abásho
everything
is upside down.
-
abastádo (Port. from Lat.)
adj
almighty, omnipotent (referring to God).
-
aínda
(Port. ainda) conj. yet
(=Sp. todavía).
-
alefbet (from the Heb. names of
the first two letters of the alphabet) m alphabet.
-
alforría (Ar.)
f liberty, freedom.
-
Alhát (Ar. The
First Day,
related to Heb. ehad one)
Sunday;
thus
it is distinguished from the Christian Sunday (in Sp. Domingo,
from
Lat. Domini dies).
-
amares m ignoramus
(lit., peasant).
-
anav (Heb.)
adj. humble, obedient.
-
arrivar vi (=Sp. arribar) to
arrive.
-
arón (Heb.)
m grave (= ataúd).
-
asetuna f (= Sp. aceituna) olive
fruit.
-
asetunal m olive
tree.
-
asur adj prohibited
(by religious law).
-
atakanear
(Heb.) vt to arrange.
-
azno m (=Sp.
asno) ass, donkey.
-
aznedad f
foolish thing, foolish act.
-
atabafar v suffocate.
-
atemar (Ar.)
vt to terminate.
-
axarvar vt to
beat.
-
badkar (Heb.)
vt to reconsider.
-
balta (Turk.) m
ax.
-
baul m trunk.
-
bel m waist.
-
beraxa (Heb.)
f blessing.
-
biterear (Turk.)
vt to terminate.
-
boyadear (Turk.) vt to
paint, color.
-
chapeo (Port. chapéu)
m hat (=Sp. sombrero).
-
chapines (Cat. chapins)
mpl shoes (=Sp. zapatos).
-
chay (Pers.)
m tea.
-
chini (Pers.)
m plate.
-
chikés
f youth.
-
defender vt
to prohibit (in
Sp. to defend).
-
din (Heb.)
m religious law.
-
Dio (modification of Sp. dios
from
Lat. deus god) m God;
the
Spanish word was modified, because the final -s appeared to the Jews a
plural suffix; moreover Dio was used always with definite article
(El
Dio) to underline the monotheistic principle of Judaism.
-
donde pron. adv. of
whom, of which, whose (=Fr. dont).
-
(g)uay interj woe.
-
innat (Turk.)
m whim, caprice.
-
kal (Heb.)
community, synagogue.
-
kamma (Heb.)
adv how much? how many? (=
kuanto?).
-
karpus m watermelon.
-
kavo(d) m honor.
-
kavzar vt to
cause.
-
kazal m village.
-
kolay (Turk.)
adj easy.
-
korex m bookbinder.
-
kushak (Turk.)
m belt, girdle.
-
lamber vt to
lick.
-
libero (It.) adj free
(=Sp. libre).
-
ma (It. mai from Lat.
magis;
Sp. mas) conj but, why.
-
maalé (Turk.) m
street, Turkish quarters, neighborhood.
maalé yahudí
Jewish
quarters .
-
maaráv (Heb.) m west.
-
maasé (Heb.) m story,
event.
kontar un maasè tell
a story.
-
maabe (Heb.) m deluge,
downpour, torrent.
No kyerro tanto, me dátes mabul.
I
don't want so much, you gave me plenty.
-
machará (LT) f spool
of thread.
-
mazal (Heb.) m star,
destiny.
-
mazalozo adj happy.
-
meara f cave.
-
meatad f half.
-
merkar vt
to buy.
-
meshared m servant.
-
met (Heb.)
adj dead (=
muerto).
-
na interj here!
behold.
-
niftar (Heb.)
adj dead (=
muerto).
-
orozo (F.
heureux) adj heappy.
-
paja (L. palia straw)
f hay (in Sp. straw).
-
paras (Pers.) fpl money.
-
portokal (It.) m orange
(fruit) (=Sp. naranja).
-
preto (Port.) adj
black.
-
purimlik (Heb. Purim + Turkic
-lik)
f Purim present.
-
raki (Balkan Slavic, of Hebraic
origin) m arak.
-
rio (Sp.
rio river) m
lake.
-
saraf (Ar.) m money
changer.
-
sedaka (Heb.) m
charity.
-
shara (Ar.)
f wood.
-
shasheo (Pers.) m dizziness.
-
shavon (ML sapo, -onis
from
Gmc; cf. Sp. jabón) m soap.
-
shemin-de-fer (F.
chemin de fer) m railroad.
-
sutlach m rice
pudding.
-
tefilá
(Heb.) f prayer.
-
trocar (Port. trocar)
vti to change (=Sp. cambiar).
-
xaber m news.
-
xaftona f beating.
-
xamam m bath-house.
-
zahut (Heb.)
m blessing.
-
ziara (Ar.)
f cemetery visit.
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Zdravko Batzarov